Combine the raisins, buttermilk and vanilla in a bowl. Let them soak while you prepare the dry ingredients.
Preheat the air fryer to 325°F (163°C) for 3–5 minutes.
Whisk the flour, baking soda, baking powder, brown sugar, salt, caraway seeds and cinnamon in a large bowl.
Pour in the buttermilk mixture. Stir with a fork just until a shaggy, sticky dough forms.
Turn the dough onto a floured surface. Fold it over 4–5 times and pat it into a round about 2 inches tall.
Cut a deep cross, about 1/2 inch deep, across the top.
Place the loaf on trimmed parchment in the air fryer basket. Air fry for 20 minutes.
If the top is browning quickly, cover it loosely with foil. Air fry 15–20 minutes more, until the center reads 195–200°F (90–93°C) and the bottom sounds hollow.
Cool on a wire rack for at least 20 minutes before slicing.